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EXCURSUS TO THE HISTORY OF THE LATIN LETTER C.
Why
| CICERO
| didn't spell
| his name
| K
| I
| K
| E
| R
| O
| ?
|
Because he spelled
| his name
| G
| I
| G
| E
| R
| O
| !
|
INDEED :
| Like D
| is a rounded variant of the grapheme
| delta,
|
| the latin C
| is a rounded variant of the grapheme
| gamma.
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|
The etruscan language didn't know the phoneme [ g ], but three different kays. So, Etruscans used the gamma for one.
Therefore in very early, pre-classical times, Romans – instructed first by etruscan teachers – also began to use that
gamma Latinae, indifferenciated for both, and for their kay – except /kw/, see below – and for their well-existing [ g ]. So, by writing CIRCUS, the Romans actually wrote GIRGUS, but they pronounced KIRKUS.
Later on, already before classical times, a savant – surely a Greek-one – teaching at Rome,
found a very good solution : He put a small mirrored gamma, like a diacritical sign, into the C.
By this, that anonymous savant invented one new letter, the latin letter G.
One placed the new letter on seventh rank, instead of the greek letter zeta [ ts ], unused by the Romans.
However, one also preserved Z, like Y – but Y in greek is latin V ! – shifted at the end of the latin alphabet.
Remark : Romans preserved too, memory of this historical mistake ; in abbreviations. Example : Gaius Julius Caesar is always abbreviated
C. Julius Caesar, like all the names or words beginning with C are abbreviated K. Examples : Caeso is K. and calendae is shortened to kal.
The opposition C vs. Q was used to indicate the pronunciation :
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| Example :
| CVIVS is pronounced
| [kujus] ,
|
|
| whereas
| QVIVS is pronounced
| [kwi:us] .
|
|
Disposing already of two [k]-letters: C & Q, Romans decided to un-use the third one, the actual K-letter.
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The 24, actually 27 letters of greek alphabet and the 23, nowadays 26 letters of latin alphabet.
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|
In the context, please also see the new latin alphabetical numeration. |
After invention of the new latin G, the greek zeta is shifted at the end of the latin alphabet.
|
The invention of the pronunciations and
Romans didn't know pronunciations like english charm or french charme. They wrote carmen, pronounced [karmɛn].
Only during Middle-Ages, indo-european languages invented the pronunciations as voiceless post-alveolar fricative.
Schematically one can confirm :
The latin C kept its k-pronunciation before the letters L and R (examples: clime and crater) and before the vowels U and O.
Before the vowel A, the latin C went to tʃ-pronunciation, later on, like in modern french language, even to ʃ-pronunciation.
Before the vowels E, I & Y to ts-pronunciation like in german or even to s-pronunciation in french or in english language.
C(i)
| ==
|
| lat.
| CIRCUS
|
| =>
|
| ger.
| Zirkus
|
| =>
|
| eng.
| circus
|
|
C(a)
| ==
|
| lat.
| CARMEN
|
| =>
|
| eng.
| charm
|
| =>
|
| fr.
| charme
|
|
C(u)
| ==
|
| lat.
| CULTURA
|
|
|
|
| ==
|
|
|
| eng.
| cultur
|
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|
If the C in s-pronunciation is regularly assumed in words like circle, city, civilisation a.o.m., the english and french grammarians
introduced an un-etymological " h " into words like: lat. camera, eng. chamber, fr. chambre to indicate the - or - pronunciation.
Another way to find the voiceless post-alveolar fricative pronunciation was the contraction [ sk ] to [ ] . Example : skip to ship.
Conclusion : Grace to this great Roman confusion, confounding K and G, the SHOL now dispose of a good letter for a sound
unknown in ancient times, the letter C for the - pronunciation. – What IPA didn't venture, BI-SMH did it !
PS. If among old, indo-european languages neither the indian languages, nor greek language, (latters, both till nowadays) nor latin language knew post-alveolar fricatives,
however – according to the current linguistic researches – the etruscan language, also an indo-european language, seems to have already developed this phoneme. ® |
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|
The three other particularities of the hexadecimal alphabet :
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●
| The main meaning of the letter
| J
| is
| |
i.e. voiced post-alveolar fricative.
|
|
The letter « Jj » was invented in Middle-Ages to distinguish vowel [ i ] and consonant [ j ].
Germans and Spains call this letter by its old name « jota », remembering a greek letter-name.
The english orthography uses the letter as , the french-one as , by calling the letter « ji ».
That is the modern and progressive usage of that letter. This is recognized by BI-SMH.
|
●
| The main meaning of the letter
| Y
| is
| |
i.e. palatal approximant.
|
|
The letter « Yy » is the greek Uu-letter.
Greeks pronounced it [ y ] , like the Frenchs pronounce their u.
The attic dialect – at Athens – simplified to [ i ] - pronunciation.
The modern use of the consonant Y is [ j ] ; like in English.
|
●
| The main meaning of the letter
| Q
| is
| |
i.e. glottal stop.
|
|
The letter « Qq » is the old phoenician letter « qof ».
Romans didn't dispose of the two newer letters U and W. Therefore, they used QV in the meaning [ kw ] . ( See above.)
However, the modern meaning of this letter is now glottal stop, like for example the arabic letter hamza.
An alphabet without glottal stop letter is just like an arithmetic digit system without digit zero !
|
| Otherwise, for English speakers, however in plenary concordance with IPA:
| | X is never [ ks ], but like greek X or german ch, always [ x ] before u, o and a ; [ ç ] before i or e.
| | R is always consonant, likewise uvular (or as french dorsal) or alveolar trill (italian), never vocalic.
| |
G
is
always
[
g
]
,
never
«
dj
».
The
letters
b,
p,
v,
f,
z,
s,
d,
t,
k,
y,
w,
h,
m,
n
&
l
:
like
in
English.
| | The vowels i, e, a, o and u are always pronounced like in italian language : clear, neat and pure.
|
The onety-ten letters of the hexadecimal alphabet, in their lexicographical order. |
Qq
|
Bb
|
Pp
|
Vv
|
Ff
|
Zz
|
Ss
|
Dd
|
Tt
|
Jj
|
Cc
|
Gg
|
Kk
|
Yy
|
Xx
|
Ww
|
Hh
|
Ii
|
Ee
|
Aa
|
Oo
|
Uu
|
Mm
|
Nn
|
Ll
|
Rr
|
Remark, that the BI-SMH doesn't promote any precipitant orthographic reform, no-where.
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| This page is online since 2007, February 10 ;
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